What You Should Know About Word Clouds

Reposted from November 2020

This tip is a warning. In other tips, I have encouraged you to use a particular type of chart for specific purposes. But in this tip, I’ll suggest that you NEVER use this chart under ANY circumstance. I’m not alone in my aversion to word clouds. Plenty of others, including Jacob Harris, a senior software architect at The New York Times, have articulated their distaste. This tip is basically the 60-second version of Harris’ article on the topic.

Active Ingredients (What is a word cloud?)

A word cloud shows how many times various words in a document are used. More common words are larger. Less common ones are smaller. The varying sized words are arranged “into some vaguely artistic arrangement,” as Harris puts it.

Uses

There are no good uses of the word cloud. As its name suggests, it clouds meaning rather than clarifies it. I created the word cloud above using one of the many online word cloud generators. It shows the frequency of various words in “Goldilocks and the Three Bears.” Does it provide any insight into the story for you?

Sometimes organizations create word clouds not to convey insight but because they want a graphic on a topic and can’t think of what else to use. But photos or illustrations of anything are almost always going to be more engaging than a bunch of words floating around in a cloud.

Warnings

The number of times a word is used tells us nothing about the meaning of the text. Different words can have the same meaning and, conversely, the same word can have different meanings in different contexts. To get to meaning, you need to look at the frequency of concepts or themes, not words.

Word clouds aren’t the best tool even when the point is to analyze word usage. Check out the series of simple bar charts below. They provide more insight than any word cloud could because they allow us to easily discern the most/least popular words.

(Sort of) Fun Fact

The word cloud technique originated online in the 1990s when they were called “tag clouds” and were used to show the popularity of keywords in bookmarks.

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Why You Should Know About Venn Diagrams

Reposted from October 2020

This week, I give you yet another useful-if-done-right chart, the Venn diagram.

Active Ingredients (What is a Venn Diagram?)

ICYMI, a Venn diagram shows overlapping categories or sets usually represented by circles.

Uses

These diagrams are great for showing the degree to which categories or sets overlap and what elements fall inside/outside of each set and each overlapping portion. The take home message is usually the shaded area where all of the circles intersect. So make that area easy to locate using color and labels. You can use a venn diagram to:

  • Show Program Overlaps: Illustrate how different programs or services intersect—for example, where housing and mental health services support the same clients.

  • Highlight Shared Needs: Compare the needs of different populations served (e.g., youth and seniors) to show common areas like transportation or access to healthcare.

  • Map Partnerships: Show where missions or activities of partner organizations align with your own. Great for grant proposals and collaboration pitches.

  • Visualize Strategic Fit: Depict the overlap between your organization’s strengths, community needs, and funding opportunities—helpful in strategic planning.

This example shows how an organization bridges the gap among three different types of organizations working on foreign policy.

Source: Network 20/20

Source: Network 20/20

Warnings

For me, Venn-diagram-fatigue sets in early. I get tired of discerning the meaning of each overlapping area pretty quickly. So I’d suggest limiting the number of circles. And, more importantly, clearly labeling the sets.

Here’s one that I gave up on after about 15 seconds:

Source: @DanNeidle

Source: @DanNeidle

On the other hand, this Venn diagram works even with four sets because the sets (orphaned, wealthy, sidekick, and masked) are clearly marked and the intersection labels are simple.

Source: gliffy.com

Source: gliffy.com

Fun Fact

English mathematician John Venn is credited with inventing the Venn diagram in the 1860s, and, according to Phil Plait, there are two kinds of people in the world . . .

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Why You Should Know About Span Charts

Reposted from March 2022

Tired of bar and pie charts but not sure what your other options may be? Meet the simple and friendly span chart.*

Active Ingredients (What is a span chart?)

A span chart shows the range between a minimum value and a maximum value. Check out the example below which displays the salaries of full-time employees of the City of Chicago in various departments. The chart on top shows the range between the lowest and highest salaries in each department, and when you click on a bar, the chart below shows the salaries of individual employees in that department (which you can see by scrolling over the circles). So we can see, for example, that although the public library department has a wide range of salaries, the large majority of employees earn less than $100K per year.

Uses

Span charts provide the extreme values. So if you want your viewer to appreciate the range of values and compare the range of different subgroups, as the example above does, it can be quite effective. In addition to salary ranges, a nonprofit organization might use a span chart to show the range between:

  1. The largest and smallest donation amounts per person by year or by subgroup.

  2. The highest and lowest grade point average of students in a tutoring program by semester or by subgroup.

  3. The most and least days of participation among adults in a job training program by month or by subgroup.

Here are instructions for creating a span chart with Tableau and Excel.

Warnings

Span charts do not show the values in between the minimum and maximum or the average value. So you have no sense of the distribution of data points. Are the values evenly distributed or are most at the high or low end? If understanding the distribution is important, you can pair a span chart with a chart that provides more information on the in-between values, as the example above does. Other chart types which show distribution include: histograms, scatter charts, and box plots.

Fun Fact

Span charts go by a variety of names including range bar/column graph, floating bar graph, difference graph, and high-low graph.

*This is one in a series of tips on different chart types. In each tip, l give you need-to-know information in a format akin to the “Drug Facts” on the back of medication boxes: active ingredients (what the chart is), uses (when to use it), and warnings (what to look out for when creating the chart). The idea is to fill up your toolbox with a variety of tools for making sense of data. And the span chart is a simple tool you can put to good use!

Sources: The Data Visualisation Catalogue

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

The 10-Charts Strategy

I’ve been noticing a possible trend among news outlets: covering an issue, often a complex one, using ten charts. Here’s an example. This strategy could work well for nonprofits. Organizations can explain a need they are addressing or show their impact during the past year in ten charts. I can see it elevating presentations, websites, and reports because:

  • Just alerting folks that you are going to explain, explore, or enlighten in ten charts seems to pique interest in reviewing each one of the charts, at least briefly.

  • The strategy allows you to shed light on an issue or topic from different angles.

  • Numbered subtitles allow you to provide ten key takeaways with the charts providing more detail for interested readers.

Of course, the charts should be well-designed so that their meaning can be easily extracted and digested. Give it a try. And let me know if you’d like some help with it.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Data Viz Inspo

Looking for ways to make your data more engaging? Take inspiration from these data tips on steal-worthy visualizations. Click on the images below to see the whole visualization and get suggestions on what to steal from it.

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, scroll down or click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

One Of The Most Popular Data Viz Technologies May Surprise You

According to the State of The Data Viz Industry Survey, the percent of respondents who used “pen and paper” to create charts, maps, and graphs ranged between 25 and 31 percent from 2019 to 2022 but then shot up to 58 percent in 2023 and 60 percent in 2024. This was the biggest increase of any of the technologies including Power BI, Tableau, and Excel. With so many applications out there to create sleek data visualizations, why are so many drawn to this low-tech, old-school technique?

The short answer is: I don’t know. But I have some ideas . . .

Hand-drawn visualizations are relatable.

We humans seem to be drawn to anything that suggests humanness. Pata Gogova’s What is (not) love? visualization mixes hand-drawn elements with charts created with Tableau to effectively draw our attention to certain aspects of the visualization. “A handmade visualisation can lend a feeling of friendliness to a story,” notes Amelia McNara, “Quite often, computer-generated visualisations feel sterile and can be inaccessible to certain audiences.”

Hand-drawn visualizations suggest uncertainty.

In her Ted Talk called 3 Ways To Spot A Bad Stat, Mona Chalabi emphasizes the importance of showing uncertainty when presenting data. She does that by using hand-drawn charts like the one below. Its unpolished look perhaps prevents viewers from unconsciously accepting what is shown. The result may appear more honest than a sleek presentation with all the requisite disclaimers about the limitations of the data in small type below the chart.

Hand-drawn visualizations aid exploration.

They aren’t limited by an application’s capabilities and thus allow you to think outside the box plot, bar chart, or line graph. And, as Stefani Posavec and Georgia Lupi (who have written several books on visualizing personal data by hand) note, drawing aids memory. Even if you end up visualizing your data digitally, beginning with a pen and paper will help you to explore and absorb your data.

Source: flickr

To see past data tips, click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

The Average Nonprofit Overuses Averages

I’ve warned of the danger of averages before. Yet, I continue to see nonprofits defaulting to averages when they show data about their clients, participants, volunteers, fundraising, etc. So here’s another warning.

The visualization below (which, by the way, is called a bump chart), does a great job of illustrating the danger of averages. In this chart, average wealth is the wealth of a country’s people divided by the size of its population. The median is the middle value when everyone’s wealth is arranged in order. So billionaires have an outsized effect on the average, but the median is less affected by big outliers like billionaires. That’s why the U.S. ranks 4th in average wealth but 14th in median wealth.

Before you share an average with your board or on your website, consider what the median is. If it’s quite different from the average, you might consider showing both the average and the median or just the median.

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, scroll down or click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Data Viz Humor

For my last post of the year, I give you 60 seconds of data viz humor. ICYMI, How I Met Your Mother did a great bit on charts and graphs back in 2009. If you like this, you might want to checkout Chart Chat’s recent discussion of the Top Ten Charts on TV.

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, scroll down or click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Present Diversity Data (or What To Steal From This Diversity Scorecard)

Reposted from February 2022

Today’s tip is to take inspiration from Chantilly Jaggernauth’s excellent diversity scoreboard displayed below. It shows diversity among employees in a company but can easily be applied to staff or participants in a nonprofit organization.

I suggest you steal the following ideas from Chantilly:

  • Metric Definitions. In a Tableau Conference session, Chantilly shares the pros and cons of the four metrics in the dashboard. See image of the slide below. None of the metrics are perfect. But together they provide an understanding of where an organization is in its diversity efforts. These definitions are not incorporated in the dashboard itself but could be added through a link or in a tooltip (scroll over) feature.*

  • Views of Diversity. The dashboard provides three views of diversity: overall, gender, and people of color (POC). By providing side-by-side charts with these three views, the dashboard allows users to see variations that overall diversity charts obscure.

  • Color Coding. Each type of diversity has its own color, which makes the comparison among overall, gender, and POC easy, even when you scroll down and can no longer see the column headers. Also the comparison groups (non-diversity, male, and non-POC) are represented by the same colors in lighter shades. This approach makes the dashboard easier to understand. Assigning three additional colors for the comparison groups could be confusing and require a color legend.

  • Simple Charts. These are all charts we all know how to read. So the scorecard is accessible immediately to anyone, even if they are not familiar with the data or the organization.

  • Also, note that the dashboard and the slide use different terms for two of the metrics.

Source: HR Diversity Scorecard on Tableau Public by Lovelytics

Image above from Tableau Conference session called “Next Gen Analytics for Your New Normal” on 11/10/21.


Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Data Viz Inspo

Looking for ways to make your data more engaging? Take inspiration from these data tips on steal-worthy visualizations. Click on the images below to see the whole visualization and get suggestions on what to steal from it.

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, scroll down or click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Data Viz Dangers: Hiding Variability

Data visualization has its pitfalls and landmines. Sometimes charts, graphs, and maps can have harmful consequences, intended or not.  So I’m offering up another tip in a series of 60-Second Data Tips that point out pitfalls and landmines to avoid. This time, it’s about hiding variability.

If we see a bar chart like the one below showing median income of Medicare beneficiaries by demographic group, we may make the following mistakes in interpreting it:

  • Assume that all or most of those in the higher income groups are earning more than all or most of those in lower income groups rather than assume that there may be more variation in income within groups than between groups.

  • Assume that the higher median income of a given group suggests that those in that group are more capable, smarter, skilled, etc. than those in lower median income groups rather than assume that those in the lower group faced challenges (e.g. racism, lack of education, etc.) that resulted in the lower median income. (This is called the fundamental attribution error.*)

  • Generalize our error-ridden conclusions about the people represented in the chart to all of those in certain racial, age, gender, or other demographic groups.

Eli Holder and Cindy Xiong conducted studies in which they showed participants charts that emphasized within group variability as well as those that did not like the chart shown above. And they found that participants were less likely to make the mistakes listed above when shown charts that emphasize within group variability such as the one below which shows that there is a lot of variability in scores within schools that one can’t appreciate by only looking at averages (represented by the black horizontal bars.)

Source: Jitter Plots in Tableau, by Ashish Singh

For a great ten-minute summary of the research, check out this video. What to do to avoid this pitfall? The video suggests that we find ways to represent variability within groups as shown below:

To see past data tips, click HERE.

*When visualizing data, we should consider how humans think including heuristics (i.e. mental shortcuts) and biases. Some of them have particular relevance to data visualization such as the fundamental attribution error, which is our tendency to relate behavior to a person’s character and personality rather than to the person’s context. So when someone cuts you off in traffic, if you write them off as a jerk rather than someone who is late for work or distracted, that’s the fundamental attribution error.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Why You Should Know About Calendar Heat Maps

Want to see patterns in participation, fundraising, volunteering, or social media measures across an entire year? A calendar heat map might do the trick.

This is a new addition to a series of tips on different chart types. In each tip, l give you need-to-know information in a format akin to the “Drug Facts” on the back of medication boxes: active ingredients (what the chart is), uses (when to use it), and warnings (what to look out for when creating the chart). The idea is to fill up your toolbox with a variety of tools for making sense of data. And the calendar heat map is a simple tool you can put to good use!

Active Ingredients (What is a calendar heat map?)

As in the example above, a calendar heat map shows a measure across days on a calendar. The measure might be the number of participants, dollars raised, volunteers recruited, social media engagement, etc.

Uses

Calendar heat maps provide a great way to see patterns in a measure over time, particularly if month and day of the week are important factors. For example, such a chart can help you detect whether participation is lagging on Mondays during summer months. In the example above, you can scroll over dates for more information and use the program filter to see participation for the selected program. Here are instructions for creating an interactive calendar heat map with Tableau and in Excel.

Warnings

Depending on your needs, other charts that show change over time may be more useful to you. For example, if you need to more clearly see the amount of change over time, a line graph might serve you better. For other chart types that show change over time, see below.

Fun Fact

Here’s a fun calendar heat map showing more/less common birth dates.

Source: Amitabh Chandra on Tableau Public

To see past data tips, including those about other chart types, scroll down or click HERE.

Source: Visual Vocabulary by Andy Kriebel on Tableau Public

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Make Data Viz Accessible

Data visualization is the translation of data in the form of words and numbers to a visual format, using color, size, shape, and placement to convey trends and patterns in the data which can be much less apparent when looking at tables of numbers or words. Thus data viz communicates best to those with full visual capabilities. To make charts, graphs, and maps accessible to those with visual impairment, we must translate the meaning of a visualization back into words, which can be a challenge. Amy Cesal's article, Writing Alt Text for Data Visualization, can help us address that challenge.

Alt text is a brief description meant to provide the meaning and context of a visual item in a digital setting. And although Cesal notes that, in most cases, it’s impossible to write something short that conveys the whole meaning of a visualization, she maintains that an incomplete description is better than none at all. Here are Cesal’s simple guidelines for alt text for data viz:

Chart type: It’s helpful for people with partial sight to know the chart type. This information provides context for understanding the rest of the visual. Example: Line graph.

Type of data: What data is included in the chart? The x and y axis labels may help you figure this out. Example: number of clients served per day in the last year.

Reason for including the chart: Think about why you’re including this visual. What does it show that’s meaningful? There should be a point to every visual and you should tell people what to look for. Example: more clients are served during the winter months.

Cesal also suggests that you include a link to the raw data somewhere in the surrounding text.

For a deeper dive into this topic, checkout Image Description Guidelines from the Diagram Center.

To see past data tips, click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Create Data Stories That Actually Engage People

Here’s a sneak preview of a workshop I’m doing on September 26th. I’m sharing the first few slides below. Click on the right to advance through them.

Presentation Preview by Amelia Kohm

To tell a story in a way that humans can understand and get behind, it helps to understand humans’ powers and challenges when it comes to consuming data. Then we can make better charts, maps, and graphs (aka data visualizations) and present them in a way that humans can absorb.

I hope you can join me on September 26th, 8:00 am - 9:00 am PT | 11:00 am - 12:00 pm ET. Click HERE to register.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Charts That Changed The World

This week’s tip is to check out this video from The Royal Society in which Adam Rutherford shares five data visualizations that have changed the world. Admittedly, this will take you more than 60 seconds to watch (it’s 6 minutes). But it’s worth it. Rutherford shares four classic charts. Two of them clarified a problem so well that they led to solutions. He also shares a chart that drives home the dangers of visualizing lies and thus making them look legitimate. If you’d like to learn more about these charts, I’ve included links below the video. Enjoy!

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Improve Your Organization’s Time Line

Reposted from March 2022

Here’s a simple data viz idea. Next time you make a time line showing your organization’s milestones, size those milestone markers (usually circles) according to some key measure. Voila! You are not only showing what happened but also your progress along the way.

The data for such a viz is super simple. Something like this:

Screen Shot 2021-08-24 at 9.01.48 AM.png

I connected the data shown above to Tableau Public (the free version of Tableau) to create the time line below. Vertical time lines not only suggest an upward progression but also work better on phone screens.

Dashboard 1 (3) (1).png

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Make Big Numbers Tangible

Reposted from March 2022

We’ve talked about the problem with big numbers before. Most recently, we considered the difficulty humans have digesting large numbers and how “perspectives” — simple sentences that relate a large number to something more familiar to us — can help us to understand, assess, and recall numbers. (For more on this, check out the data tip.)

I’m returning to the big number problem today and offering up some new tips for dealing with them. The inspiration for these tips came from the data-driven documentaries of Neil Halloran, specifically his first documentary called The Fallen of World War II. If you have a few more minutes to spare after reading this 60-second tip (and are not among the 13 million + who have viewed it already), I highly recommend that you check it out. It’s 18 minutes long, but the techniques listed below all appear in the first 7 minutes.

Halloran uses the following techniques to make large numbers understandable. And you don’t need to be a filmmaker to use them. You can apply them to simple data presentations on websites, reports, and PowerPoints.

  1. Use shapes or icons (rather than bars) to represent one or more people, programs, etc. Halloran uses a human figure shape to represent 1,000 people.

  2. Show an aggregate and then break it down by subgroups and time periods. Halloran shows aggregates, such as the total number of U.S. soldiers who died and then, using animation, redistributes the human figures to show how many soldiers died in the European and Pacific theaters and then how many died over time. The animation is cool but not necessary. You can do the same thing with a series of static images. See example below.

  3. Juxtapose photos and charts. To keep the discussion from becoming too abstract, Halloran reminds the audience what actual soldiers (rather than icons) look like by incorporating photos into his presentation. Again, animation is not necessary. Static photos can be placed alongside charts.

  4. Walk your audience through the data. To give the audience a sense of scale, the video progresses from smaller to larger numbers. Halloran first walks us through casualty stats for the U.S. and European countries. These numbers seem quite high so by the time Russian stats are shown, we are blown away.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

Data Viz Pitfalls and Landmines: Polarization

Charts, maps, and graphs can be great tools for illuminating trends and patterns in data. But data visualization has its pitfalls and landmines. Sometimes charts, graphs, and maps can have harmful consequences, intended or not. So I’m starting a series of 60-Second Data Tips that point out pitfalls and landmines to avoid. This time it’s about polarization.

When visualizing data, we should consider how humans think including heuristics (i.e. mental shortcuts) and biases. That’s a tall order given how many shortcuts and biases affect our thinking. See Diagram B below. Some of them have particular relevance to data visualization such as conformity bias, which is the tendency to change one's beliefs or behavior to fit in with others. Can data visualization exacerbate this bias?

You are likely familiar with charts showing U.S. attitudes toward public policies which highlight the gap between Democrats and Republicans. Researchers conducted experiments to explore whether such charts invoke viewers’ social-normative conformity bias, influencing them to match the divided opinions shown in the visualization. In three experiments described in Polarizing Political Polls: How Visualization Design Choices Can Shape Public Opinion and Increase Political Polarization, researchers either aggregated data as non-partisan "All US Adults," or partisan "Democrat" / "Republican." (See Diagram A) They found that the partisan charts tended to increase viewers’ polarization while the non-partisan charts did not, leading the researchers to conclude that visualizing partisan divisions can further divide us.

So when showing differences of opinions across various groups, we should take this finding into consideration. Is our ultimate aim to divide or unite?

Diagram A

Diagram B

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Cognitive_Bias_Codex_With_Definitions%2C_an_Extension_of_the_work_of_John_Manoogian_by_Brian_Morrissette.jpg

To see past data tips, click HERE.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Visualize Cycles

Reposted from April 2022

Every organization experiences cyclical or seasonal patterns. Understanding how funding, participation, volunteering, and other factors change in predictable ways over time can help us to plan for the future. The problem is that we don’t always see these patterns. We get caught up in current issues and crises, and it’s hard to step back and see what’s coming next. Visualizing your data can reveal cyclical or seasonal patterns in helpful ways. This often involves aggregating data from multiple years by specific time periods such as season, quarter, or day of the week. Here are some examples.

Working with a statistician named William Farr in the 1800s, Florence Nightingale analyzed mortality rates during the Crimean War. She and Farr discovered that most of the soldiers who died in the conflict perished not in combat but as a result of “preventable diseases” caused by bad hygiene. Nightingale invented the polar area chart (shown below), a variant of the pie chart, meant “to affect thro’ the Eyes what we fail to convey to the public through their word-proof ears.” Each pie represented a twelve-month period of the war, with each slice showing the number of deaths per month, growing outward if the number increased, and color-coded to show the causes of death (blue: preventable, red: wounds, black: other). The New York Times showed the seasonal pattern of COVID cases using a somewhat similar chart.

Source: Wikipedia

In the dashboard below, Curtis Harris reveals not only patterns in taxi rides by time of day but also by day of the week. We can see, for example, that few people are using taxis between 2 and 3 am, particularly at the beginning of the week. (Click on this viz to see interactive version.)

Source: Curtis Harris on Tableau Public

This varsity-level viz (below) by Lindsay Betzendahl shows the seasonality of the flu. Each dot represents one week in a particular year. Each “ray” consists of dots for the same week of different years. So the ray at the 12:00 position represents the first week in January for each year between 2007 to 2018. The size of the dots show the number of influenza cases. So we can see that cases surge during the winter weeks, in general, but we also can see outbreaks during other seasons in particular years. Betzendahl explains how to create such a chart in Tableau here.

Source: Lindsay Betzendahl on Tableau Public

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.

How To Recognize and Reform Vanity Metrics

Reposted from March 2022

Vanity metrics are like cheap, trendy sunglasses. They may help you to look cool, briefly, but they don’t last long and do little to improve your eyesight. You’ve seen vanity metrics, even if you haven’t used this term to describe them. They are those flashy statistics (sometimes called “big ass numbers”) and charts showing how many services an organization has provided or people they’ve served or some other seemingly impressive stat. The problem is that these metrics don’t help you to better understand your current work and improve it. In this tip, I’ll give you some quick advice on recognizing and reforming vanity metrics.

How To Recognize A Vanity Metric

This Tableau article suggests three questions to ask to identify a vanity metric. I’ve put a nonprofit spin on each:

  • What decision can we make with the metric? If the metric can’t help you to make a decision, it’s probably a vanity metric. For example, does knowing how many meals you delivered help you to decide who, what, where, when, or how to deliver meals in the future? Or do you need a more specific metric such as the gap between need and service provision for various subgroups of clients?

  • What can we do to intentionally reproduce the result? Did some random event produce the big number? For example, did you see a bump in the number of participants last year because another organization, providing a similar service, closed down? If you cannot consistently reproduce the same result next year, this isn’t a helpful metric.

  • Is the data a real reflection of the truth? Let’s face it. There are always ways to misrepresent the truth. You can tell the world that attendance at all of your programs last year totaled 3,237. Sounds good, but that’s probably a “duplicated number” and can be misleading depending on what you want to understand or broadcast to the world. Some people likely attended more than one program. So the total number of individuals who participated in any program could be much lower. The central question to ask yourself when considering a metric is whether or not it will help your organization achieve its goals. If your goal is to reach more folks, this metric is not helpful.

How To Reform A Vanity Metric

  • Provide context. The metrics that are worthy of your attention and your stakeholders’ attention are those that are directly related to your goals. You may have overall goals for all of your participants, clients, audiences, services, programs, etc. But you also might have specific goals for subsets of those groups and for specific time periods. Present your metrics in relation to the goals. And compare metrics for subgroups to each other to see where you are making progress and where you are not.

  • Use more than one statistic. Sometimes what you want to improve cannot be measured with just one metric. For example, if you aim to improve the diversity of your staff, you may want to look at a set of metrics together including number, tenure, and seniority of staff by race/ethnicity, gender identification, age, etc.

Sources: Moving Beyond Vanity Metrics, Stanford Social Innovation Review and Vanity Metrics: Definition, How To Identify Them, And Examples, Tableau.

Let’s talk about YOUR data!

Got the feeling that you and your colleagues would use your data more effectively if you could see it better? Data Viz for Nonprofits (DVN) can help you get the ball rolling with an interactive data dashboard and beautiful charts, maps, and graphs for your next presentation, report, proposal, or webpage. Through a short-term consultation, we can help you to clarify the questions you want to answer and goals you want to track. DVN then visualizes your data to address those questions and track those goals.